architecture

Streaming, SSE, and Real-Time AI: How Streaming Responses Work and How to Build Responsive AI UIs

Every major AI provider handles streaming differently. This guide covers SSE, WebSockets, HTTP chunked transfer, and the implementation details that…

LLM Evaluation and Benchmarks: What They Measure, What They Miss, and How to Evaluate for Your Use Case

How LLM evaluation benchmarks actually work, what they measure, what they miss, and how to build evaluation that matters for your specific application.

The Stack — GitHub Copilot

A technical teardown of GitHub Copilot: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

The Stack — Harvey AI

A technical teardown of Harvey AI: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

The Stack — Gamma

A technical teardown of Gamma: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

Cost Optimization for LLM Applications

The Stack — Granola

A technical teardown of Granola: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

LLM Observability in Production

CI/CD for AI Applications

The Stack — Klarna's AI Assistant

A technical teardown of Klarna's AI Assistant: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

Structured Output from LLMs

Building Reliable RAG Systems

The Stack — Notion AI

A technical teardown of Notion AI: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

AI Agent Orchestration Patterns

How Vector Databases Actually Work

The Stack — Perplexity AI

A technical teardown of Perplexity AI: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

Create collection with scalar quantization

Embeddings in Practice: Every Major Model Compared

The Stack — Cursor

A technical teardown of Cursor: the models, infrastructure, and engineering decisions behind the product.

Prompt Injection Prevention in Production

Taxonomy of prompt injection attacks and the layered defenses — input validation, output filtering, guardrails — that actually work at scale.

The Inference Stack Top to Bottom

What happens between your API call and a streamed token — routing, batching, KV cache, quantization, and speculative decoding explained.

MCP, Tool Use, and Function Calling: How Agents Actually Work in 2026

A comprehensive rundown of function calling, Model Context Protocol, agent frameworks, and the patterns that actually work in production — across every major provider.